1: what is the major motivating source which keeps baldwin and his family surviving?
“Here you were to be loved. To be loved, baby, hard at once and forever to strengthen you against the loveless world. Remember that. I know how black it looks today for you. It looked black that day too. Yes, we were trembling. We have not stopped trembling yet, but if we had not loved each other, none of us would have survived, and now you must survive because we love you and for the sake of your children and your children’s children.”
this implicates the power of love and how sometimes, in a world full of chaos and pain, all you can do is love one another and that, sometimes, it’s the only thing that keeps you alive. baldwin is emphasizing how even though you may feel weak or you may want to give up, that people love you, and you must keep fighting not only for those who are alive, but to honor those who were alive and for those who will one day be alive. additionally, i think it’s quite clever how he says “i know how black it looks today for you. it looked black that day too.” in a piece where he’s discussing race, i think it’s a smart play on words.
2: were black people even given the chance to live a, not even successful, but a humane life?
“This innocent country set you down in a ghetto in which, in fact, it intended that you should perish. Let me spell out precisely what I mean by that for the heart of the matter is here and the crux of my dispute with my country. You were born where you were born and faced the future that you faced because you were black and for no other reason. The limits to your ambition were thus expected to be settled. You were born into a society which spelled out with brutal clarity and in as many ways as possible that you were a worthless human being. You were not expected to aspire to excellence. You were expected to make peace with mediocrity. Wherever you have turned, James, in your short time on this earth, you have been told where you could go and what you could do and how you could do it, where you could live and whom you could marry.”
in this part of the piece, baldwin is pretty much saying that in the world they live in, his nephew was placed in an area of society where he was not meant to succeed, nor did anyone really (anyone being the whites) believe he could or should succeed. this part of the piece emphasizes how his nephew and many other people of color were “destined” (in regard to the people of power in their society) to not succeed or to not do well. they were given circumstances which were very difficult to deal with and ones in which would not help for him to grow or even implicate that it’s possible for him to do well in his life. i could compare this to placing a fish in a tank, a tank that isn’t well filtered, where the water isn’t cleaned out, and where they aren’t fed as often as they should be. how could that fish be expected to survive?
3: why does baldwin believe people are and continue to be racist?
“The details and symbols of your life have been deliberately constructed to make you believe what white people say about you. Please try to remember that what they believe, as well as what they do and cause you to endure, does not testify to your inferiority, but to their inhumanity and fear”
this is the most positive way he could possibly explain this to his nephew. it’s devastating how people of color have been treated and still are treated, and the fact that they constantly put down people because of their race. however, baldwin flips the script and says that the perspective of the whites does not reflect your character, but their lack of humanity and cowardice.
“They are in effect still trapped in a history which they do not understand and until they understand it, they cannot be released from it. They have had to believe for many years, and for innumerable reasons, that black men are inferior to white men.”
this part honestly helped me understand why racism is still a thing. not that it should be a thing, because it’s awful, but i’ve always wondered why are people racist. what made the first person say “hey, i’m white and you’re black so i’m better than you.” baldwin doesn’t necessarily go into detail about the roots of racism, but shares how even white people don’t know why they’re being racist. such seems as if they’re just being racist because it’s what they know, what they were taught, and what continues to be taught in their bloodlines.
“Try to imagine how you would feel if you woke up one morning to find the sun shivering and all the stars aflame. You would be frightened because it is out of the order of nature. Any upheaval in the universe is terrifying because it so profoundly attacks one’s sense of one’s own reality. Well, the black man has functioned in the white man’s world as a fixed star, as an immovable pillar, and as he moves out of his place, heaven and earth are shaken to their foundations.”
importance of imagery! this also explains how it’s very difficult to stop believing something that’s become a “normal” for many. he uses these images to explain how it’d shake the world of white men to suddenly not be racist, which also goes back to how he mentions that they don’t even know why they’re being racist, they just know it’s what they’re “supposed” to be or do, because of what they were taught. this is a very mature and offers an approach which brings peace to his nephew and himself.
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“It will be hard, James, but you come from sturdy peasant stock, men who picked cotton, dammed rivers, built railroads, and in the teeth of the most terrifying odds, achieved an unassailable and monumental dignity. You come from a long line of great poets, some of the greatest poets since Homer. One of them said, “The very time I thought I was lost, my dungeon shook and my chains fell off.”
You know and I know that the country is celebrating one hundred years of freedom one hundred years too early. We cannot be free until they are free.”
great quote to end with 🙂